The Rise of the Roman Empire

In the introduction to this book, Polybius suggests that his work may only appeal to specific readers who enjoy strict accounts of history with a focus on political and military events. Rather than relying on myths and origin stories like his predecessors in the field, the Greek historian hopes to outline how power is gained and maintained.

In this book, he explores his themes through the actions of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. In a conflict between the Romans and the Carthaginians at Capua, Hannibal soon realized that he would not be able to win against the Romans with force alone. He decided to try something bold: He led his armies in a march directly on Rome. Hannibal instructed his armies to leave their fires burning in Campania. They then snuck out at night, advancing closer to Rome than they ever had before. This psychological strategy was highly effective at panicking Romans inside the city. However, fortune was on Rome’s side as a new legion arrived at the city at the same time as Hannibal’s attack.

Realizing he could not take the city, Hannibal led his soldiers around the countryside, plundering livestock and valuables. However, when the Romans began to follow his troops, Hannibal retreated.