The Rise of the Roman Empire

Polybius turns his attention to Egypt. Ptolemy’s father Euergetes died, leaving Ptolemy as the Pharaoh. Ptolemy killed anyone he saw as a potential rival, including his own brother Magas. Once he was certain he had eliminated all threats, Ptolemy neglected his duties and focused on frivolities. Egypt was a strong kingdom that encompassed many smaller regions. Due to his neglect, those around him began to plot his removal from the throne, including the exiled King of Sparta, Cleomenes III.

Cleomenes had been allied with Euergetes, but he felt that Ptolemy IV was neglecting him. He escaped and attempted to start a revolt against Ptolemy Philopator. However, Cleomenes was unable to garner any support for his cause. When it became clear that they had failed, Cleomenes and his men died by suicide.

At the same time, other uprisings and battles were occurring across the Mediterranean. Philip besieged Thebes, and Hannibal defeated the Romans at Lake Trasimene. Philip gathered his friends together to discuss what his next steps should be. He was advised to make peace with the Aetolians and take advantage of the Romans’ weak position. Philip and Aetolian delegates struck an agreement, enabling them to turn their attention entirely upon Italy.