The Rise of the Roman Empire

Book 24 opens with a detailed comparison between two prominent leaders: Philopoemen and Aristaenus. While both were dedicated members of the Achaean League, their approaches to Roman power diverged significantly. Polybius describes Philopoemen as physically and mentally adept in war, and he praises Aristaenus for his skills in politics. Their differing stances revolved around how to handle Roman supremacy in Greece following Philip’s defeat. Aristaenus favored immediate compliance with Roman instructions, even advocating for the anticipation of Roman demands. However, Philopoemen insisted on evaluating Roman requests according to existing treaties and laws and rejecting those that were determined to be unjust.

Aristaenus defended his position by claiming that friendship with Rome could not be sustained by both resistance and diplomacy. He argued that when honor is unattainable, it is wise to pursue self-interest: “‘It is impossible,’ he said, ‘to maintain the friendship with Rome by holding out both the sword and the olive branch at once’” (518). Philopoemen responded by asserting that unchecked submission encourages tyranny and erodes sovereignty. He acknowledged Rome’s superior power while advocating for peaceful resistance.

Following this political discourse, Polybius turns his attention to events in Asia.